Pediatric TB and HIV treatment focuses on the comprehensive management of two serious infections that can affect children individually or together. When tuberculosis (TB) and HIV occur simultaneously, the approach to care becomes more complex and requires careful coordination, timely diagnosis, and specialized treatment plans to ensure the child’s best possible health outcomes.
HIV in children weakens the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections such as TB. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the most common and serious opportunistic infections in HIV-positive children. Early detection of both conditions is essential, as delayed diagnosis can lead to severe complications. Regular screening for TB in children living with HIV is a standard part of medical care.
The foundation of HIV treatment is Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). ART suppresses the HIV virus, strengthens the immune system, and reduces the risk of TB and other opportunistic infections. Treatment is started as early as possible, often immediately after diagnosis. The choice of medicines is based on the child’s age, weight, and overall health. Adherence to daily medications is crucial for maintaining viral suppression and preventing drug resistance.
For pediatric TB treatment, the standard approach involves a combination of anti-TB medications such as isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. These medicines are given for a specific duration, usually between 6 and 12 months, depending on the severity of the disease and whether it is drug-sensitive or drug-resistant TB. Child-friendly formulations, including dispersible tablets and syrups, make treatment easier for younger children.
Treating both TB and HIV together requires close monitoring because some medications can interact with each other. Pediatricians carefully adjust dosages and select suitable drug combinations to ensure maximum effectiveness with minimal side effects. Regular follow-ups help evaluate the child’s response to treatment, track growth, monitor liver and kidney function, and check for any possible complications.
Preventive care is an important part of managing children with HIV. Children without active TB may receive preventive therapy to reduce the risk of developing the disease. Vaccination, especially the BCG vaccine in early childhood, plays a role in preventing severe forms of TB, although its use must be evaluated in HIV-positive infants depending on their immunity.